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Bringing together essays, interviews, clinical reports, photography, illustration, research round-ups and more. Each issue of The Mushroom is a unique object and a valuable addition to any mycophile’s library.

First Issue:
From Waste to Hope – Interview with Chido Govera
Treating Recurrent Miscarriage with Mushrooms – Dr Trevor Wing
Moon-Mad Mushrooms – The impact of lunar cycles on mushrooms
Funginfluencers – A look at the online mushroom world
A Life in Mushrooms – Roger Phillips: forager and author
Transylvania Mushroom Camp – August 2020
The Longevity of Surprise – Surprising things about Reishi
Research Round-Up – The latest from the world of mycotherapy and mushroom news

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Unlike the 1918 flu epidemic when the majority of the fatalities were young men and women who succumbed due to the strength of their own immune response, with Covid-19 the majority of fatalities are among the elderly or those whose immune systems are weakened due to underlying health issues with very few among younger men and women and almost none among children.

This strong inverse correlation between age / overall health and risk of developing severe symptoms from Covid-19 infection is the clearest indication we could have of the importance of supporting our immune health at this time.

While there is a lot we can do to support our immunity with good food, adequate exercise and sufficient sleep, supplements known to have a positive effect on our immune system also have a role to play, particularly if the immune system is already compromised by age or pre-existing health conditions.

When considering the different categories of immunologically active supplements, mushrooms have a particularly strong case for a place on our shelves at this time due to their well-documented ability to modulate our immune response, both increasing levels of immune activity where these are suppressed and decreasing levels of immune activation and cytokine production where these are elevated ¹.

A number of epidemiological and clinical studies have confirmed the ability of mushrooms and mushroom-derived supplements to increase the effectiveness of both our innate and adaptive immune responses to a range of pathogens including viruses ².

Polysaccharide extracts from different mushrooms, including Cordyceps (Ophiocordyceps sinensis / Cordyceps militaris), Coriolus (Trametes versicolor), Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) and Maitake (Grifola frondosa) have all been shown to exert an inhibitory effect on influenza virus in vivo.

Clinical studies have also shown benefit for extracts from: Zhu Ling (Polyporus umbellatus), Sun Agaric (Agaricus subrufescens), Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) and Cordyceps in the treatment of Hepatitis B ^3-6.

In patients with recurrent genital herpes supplementation with Coriolus extract resulted in increased immunity and fewer sick days and in clinical trials Coriolus, Reishi and combined mushroom polysaccharide extracts have all shown benefit in increasing clearance of high-risk HPV strains ^7-9.

In addition enhanced protective immune response was seen from giving mushroom extracts alongside influenza vaccine in one in vivo study and FVe, a protein from Enokitake (Flammulina velutipes) was seen to significantly increase the anti-tumour protection given by vaccination against HPV-16 in another ^10,11.

As well as supporting an effective immune response to viral infection several mushrooms contain compounds with direct anti-viral activity and two in particular stand out for their benefits in relation to the current pandemic.

Cordycepin (3’-deoxyadenosine) from Cordyceps species has been shown to inhibit viral replication in a number of studies ¹². It also shows strong anti-inflammatory activity and has been shown to actively protect the lungs from acute injury due to the type of inflammatory immune response seen in more serious Covid-19 infections ¹³.

Triterpenes from Reishi also have strong anti-inflammatory activity and have been shown to inhibit viral replication and viral binding ¹⁴. Both triterpenes and proteins from Reishi have also been shown to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, blocking conversion of ACE-1 to ACE-2 the form of the enzyme through which Covid-19 enters cells ^15,16.

Of course although mushrooms undoubtedly have an important role to play in supporting our immune system and helping protect us in case of infection they are not a panacea.

In case of active infection it would be appropriate to follow traditional treatment strategies for infectious diseases and shift the emphasis from ‘Supporting the Upright’ to ‘Clearing the Pathogen’ with anti-viral herbs.

Martin Powell

References

1. He T, Zhao R, Lu Y, Li W, Hou X, Sun Y, Dong M, Chen L. Dual-Directional Immunomodulatory Effects of Corbrin Capsule on Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2016;2016:1360386. Epub 2016 Sep 18.
2. Powell M. Medicinal Mushrooms – A Clinical Guide 2^nd Ed. Mycology Press. 2014.
3. Yan Sc et al. Clinical and experimental research on Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharide in the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Zazhi. 1988;8(3):141–143.
4. Liu J, McIntosh H, Lin H. Chinese medicinal herbs for chronic hepatitis B: a systematic review.Liver. 2001;21(4):280–286.
5. Gao YH, Zhou SF, Chen GL, Dai XH, Ye JX, Gao H.  A phase I/II study of a Ganoderma lucidum (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst. (Ling Zhi, Reishi Mushroom) extract in patients with chronic Hepatitis В. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2002;4(4):321–328.
6. Hsu CH, Hwang KC, Chiang YH, Chou P. The mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill extract normalizes liver function in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14(3):299–301.
7. Kono R, Nakajima A (Eds). Treatment of recurrent genital herpes with PSK. Kawana T. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Pharmacological and Clinical Approaches to Herpes Viruses and Virus Chemotherapy. Oiso, Japan, Sept. 10-13, 1984. Amsterdam : Excerpta Medica, 1985. pp. 271–272.
8. Donatini B. Control of oral human papillomavirus (HPV) by medicinal mushrooms, Trametes versicolor and Ganoderma lucidum: a preliminary clinical trial. Int J Med Mushrooms. 2014;16(5):497-8.
9. Couto JS, da Silva DP. Coriolus versicolor supplementation in HPV patients. [Poster]. 20th European Congress of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. March 7th, 2008.
10. Ichinohe T et al. Induction of cross-protective immunity against influenza A virus H5N1 by an intranasal vaccine with extracts of mushroom mycelia. J Med Virol. 2010 Jan;82(1):128-37.
11. Ding Y, Seow SV, Huang CH, Liew LM, Lim YC, Kuo IC, Chua KY. Coadministration of the fungal immunomodulatory protein FIP-Fve and a tumour-associated antigen enhanced antitumour immunity.  Immunology. 2009;128(1Suppl):e881–894.
12. Qin P, Li XK, Yang H, Wang ZY, Lu DX. Therapeutic Potential and Biological Applications of Cordycepin and Metabolic Mechanisms in Cordycepin-Producing Fungi. Molecules. 2019 Jun; 24(12): 2231.
13. Lei J, Wei Y, Song P, Li Y, Zhang T, Feng Q, Xu G. Cordycepin inhibits LPS-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress. Eur J Pharmacol. 2018 Jan 5;818:110-114.
14. Xia Q et al. A comprehensive review of the structure elucidation and biological activity of triterpenoids from Ganoderma spp. Molecules. 2014 Oct 30;19(11):17478-535.
15. Morigawa A, Kitabatake K, Fujimotot Y, Ikekawa N. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-Inhibitory Triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidim. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1986. 34;7:3025-3028.
16. Ansor NM, Abdullah N, Aminudin N. Anti-angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) proteins from mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013; 13: 256.

We are delighted to welcome Attila Fődi to the team. Attila has a wealth of expertise in the field of Medicinal Mushrooms and is the author of a number of publications on mushrooms in both English and Hungarian.

A member of the Hungarian and British Mycological Societies he is also an expert in mushroom identification and has for several years run training courses in the field.

NEW – Published October 2013

A highly accessible introduction to the health benefits of the main medicinal mushrooms, written by Martin Powell, author of Medicinal Mushrooms – A Clinical Guide.

Practical and informative, Medicinal Mushrooms – The Essential Guide is based on the latest research and clinical experience and covers ten of the major medicinal mushrooms, as well as many of the most common health conditions.

The mushrooms covered are: Almond Mushroom (also known as Royal Sun Agaric), Chaga, Cordyceps, Coriolus, Lion’s Mane, Maitake, Mesima, Reishi, Shiitake, Snow Fungus.